Fig. 2

Electrochemical performance and conductivity. a Activation process for 7 cycles of the BCFZY-ZnO electrolyte-based SOFC at 550 °C to achieve active voltage and current, (b) Electrochemical performance of the stabilized BCFZY-ZnO electrolyte based SOFC at 400–500 °C, (c) Impedance spectra of BCFZY-ZnO fuel cell measured in H2/air at 400, 450, and 500 °C, and the corresponding equivalent circuit model for fitting, (d) Ionic conductivity and activation energy plots of BCFZY-ZnO as a function of 1000/T obtained from EIS and I-V curve at 400–500 °C