Fig. 5
Rhein and rhein hydrogel alleviated neuroinflammation in LPS-induced BV2 cells. a Confocal microscopy images from BV2 cells (treated with control, LPS, rhein and rhein hydrogel). Immunofluorescence staining is shown. Cell nuclei are shown in blue (DAPI), TNF-α is shown in red, IL-1β is shown in green, and yellow labeling represents co-localization. Scale bar, 15 μm. b Representative western blots of TNF-α and IL-1β proteins at 24 h and 48 h. The uncropped and unprocessed scans of blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 12. c Quantifications of TNF-α at 24 h and 48 h. d Quantifications of IL-1β proteins at 24 h and 48 h. e–i ELISA assays for determinations of TNF-α (e), IL-1β (f), IL-6 (g), IL-12 (h) and iNOS (i) levels at 24 h and 48 h. Values are expressed as means ± SEM (n = 3). One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Error bars represent SEM
