Fig. 1
Spontaneous hydrogen transfer between perovskite and glucose–enzyme reaction. a Schematic figure of the atomic hydrogen transfer from the glucose to perovskite. The glucose oxidase (GOx) enzymes are anchored on the gold electrode via cystamine bonding (details are described in Supplementary Fig. 1). Figure not drawn to scale for clarity. b Reaction mechanism of glucose+SmNiO3 transformation to gluconolactone+G-SmNiO3. The GOx enzyme serves as a catalyst and transfers hydrogen from glucose to SmNiO3, referred to as G-SmNiO3. The hydrogens bonded with carbons are omitted for figure clarity. c The electron filling configuration of the Ni 3d orbitals in SmNiO3 and G-SmNiO3. For the pristine SmNiO3, the eg orbitals are singly occupied. In the case of G-SmNiO3, the donors doped from the hydrogen occupy an eg orbital, resulting in large on-site columbic repulsion energy U, and localizing the charge carriers resulting in reduction of electronic conductivity
