Fig. 4

Metabolomic analysis of in vitro effects of OPC-163493 in HepG2 cells. Data represent mean ± SE, n = 2 for metabolomic analysis (a and c), ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, OPC vs. DMSO control using a two-tailed Williams’ test. All units for vertical lines in metabolite graphs are pmol 10⁶ cells⁻¹ (except ratios of substrates). When significant increases and decreases were observed, those graph titles were labeled with red and green, respectively. a Effects on adenylate pool. Total adenylate = [ATP] + [ADP] + [AMP], Adenylate energy charge = ([ATP] + 0.5 × [ADP])/[Total adenylate]. b Phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in OPC-163493-treated HepG2 cells. Representative data are shown in western blots. Data represent mean ± SE. The numbers in each sample are described in the graph. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, OPC vs. DMSO control using a two-tailed Williams’ test. Black bar, pAMPK/total AMPK; gray bar, pACC/total ACC. c Effects on high-energy phosphate