Fig. 1
From: Local floods induce large-scale abrupt failures of road networks
Schematic diagram of floods and demonstration of the effects of floods, random damage, and localized damage on a road system. a River and road network without flooding. b River and road network when rainfall-induced flooding inundates some road segments. c Sectional view of the boxed region in a. d Sectional view of the boxed region in b. The rainfall forms runoff on the ground. A large amount of runoff converges into a flood and inundates some road segments. The flood follows the river channel and damages infrastructure (e.g., roads) in a river basin. The flood-induced failures have a distinct trajectory. Schematic demonstrations of (e) random damage and (g) localized damage in a sketched network respectively. f 2D and h 3D views of flood disturbance in the sketched network
