Fig. 1

Effect of RTS,S/AS01E vaccination on anti-CSP IgG responses. a Ratios of mean concentrations (log₁₀[EU mL⁻¹]) between RTS,S/AS01E and comparators, before (month [M]0) and after (M3) vaccination, adjusted by site, with adjusted-p-values obtained in linear regression coefficients comparing for significance of logarithm of ratios estimated through mixed models. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (CI) estimated fitting the mixed model. b Correlations between CSP NANP and C-terminus (C-term) IgG concentrations. Regression lines with scatterplots show the association among: (i) all subjects pre-vaccination and post-vaccination in a dashed orange line (r = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.94); (ii) comparator vaccinees pre-vaccination (black circles) and post-vaccination (black triangles) and RTS,S/AS01E pre-vaccination (green circles) (r = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.54) in a solid black line; (iii) RTS,S/AS01E post-vaccination (green triangles; r = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.70) in a solid green colour line. c Correlations between CSP NANP and C-term IgG avidity index (AI). Only samples with IgG concentration above the assay lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) (NANP >1.43 EU mL⁻¹ and C-term > 2.79 EU mL⁻¹) are shown, and those were mostly referring to post-vaccination RTS,S/AS01E vaccinees (r = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.42). The strength of associations represented by the slope of each regression line is also shown (all slopes with p value < 0.05, obtained in linear regression coefficient of the slope, i.e. a t-test of the slope )