Fig. 3

Performance of MBVO and LBSO-MBVO films. a Schematic representation of pulsed laser generated nanocrystals embedded MBVO films. b J–V curves of different LBSO-MBVO photoanodes under AM 1.5G irradiation. c Photocurrent density distribution of MBVO and LBSO-MBVO films at 1.23 VRHE. d J–V curves of the LBSO-MBVO-2 dual photoanodes under AM 1.5G irradiation. Insert: schematic of LBSO-MBVO-2 photoanodes with dual configuration. e IPCE curves at 1.23 VRHE and f EIS curves of different LBSO-MBVO photoanodes. g MS curves of MBVO and LBSO-MBVO-2 films. h Time-resolved microwave conductance signals recorded for MBVO and LBSO-MBVO-2 films using a 410 nm laser pulse with a photon flux of 1.84 × 1014 photons pulse−1 cm−2. i Maximum TRMC signals as a function of incident photons per laser pulse for MBVO and LBSO-MBVO-2 films