Fig. 2 | Nature Communications

Fig. 2

From: Mendelian randomisation analysis of the effect of educational attainment and cognitive ability on smoking behaviour

Fig. 2

Potential for bias due to dynastic effects. DAG showing how dynastic effects can introduce bias into an MR model. Gp is parental genotype, Ep parental educational attainment, \(G_{\mathrm{O}}\) is offspring genotype, EO offspring educational attainment and SO offspring smoking. The dashed line represents the relationship required for dynastic effects to introduce bias in an MR study. DAG directed acyclic graph

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