Fig. 2
Dlx-cKO mice show aberrant paired-pulse facilitation. a Schematic of voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) showing the site of stimulation at the perforant path and regions of interest used for quantitative analysis (GCL, granule cell layer; ML, molecular layer; HIL, hilus). Snapshots of VSDI responses in a wild-type slice, from left to right: baseline, peak response to first stimulus, baseline immediately prior to second stimulus, peak response to second stimulus, 100 ms after second peak response (200 μA x 2 stimuli, with 200 ms inter-stimulus interval). b Averaged VSDI responses (ΔF/F) in the GCL for WT, Nex-cKO, and Dlx-cKO mice in response to each of the two stimuli. Depolarization (decrease in ΔF/F) is displayed as an upward signal, while hyperpolarization (increase in ΔF/F) is displayed as a downward signal. Error envelopes represent mean + /− s.e.m. c Peak amplitudes of the GCL response to the first stimulus were not different between WT, Nex-cKO, and Dlx-cKO mice (linear mixed effect analysis). d Peak amplitudes of the GCL response to the second stimulus were significantly different between Nex-cKO and Dlx-cKO mice (linear mixed effect analysis with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons). e Ratios of peak responses in the GCL. Nex-cKO slices showed significant paired-pulse depression, whereas Dlx-cKO slices showed significant paired-pulse facilitation (one-sample t-tests for each of WT, Nex-cKO, and Dlx-cKO, two-tailed). Dlx-cKO also showed significantly increased paired-pulse ratio in comparison to Nex-cKO (linear mixed effect analysis with Tukey’s correction for multiple comparisons). f–k Averaged VSDI responses (ΔF/F) in the ML and HIL for WT, Nex-cKO, and Dlx-cKO mice in response to each of the two stimuli (linear mixed effect analysis). h Peak ratios in ML (one-sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-tailed). k Peak ratios in HIL (one-sample t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-tailed). For all experiments, n = 20 slices/5 mice for WT, n = 12 slices/4 mice for Nex-cKO, and n = 19 slices/5 mice for Dlx-cKO. *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
