Fig. 2
From: A neurotoxin that specifically targets Anopheles mosquitoes
Paraclostridial mosquitocidal protein 1 (PMP1) and its associated proteins are toxic to mosquitoes. a Native PAGE of Paraclostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia (Pbm), P. bifermentans (Pb), and Pbm∆109 extracted fractions. Lanes were split into E1 and E2 for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses. Greater abundance of OrfX1–3 in E2 may indicate that they are not strongly associated to a high molecular weight complex. b Schematic of constructs expressing proteins in the pmp operon (left panel) and their corresponding mortality to Anopheles and Aedes mosquito larvae (right panel) (Supplementary Note 1) (n = 15/assay, see Methods). The lethal concentration 50 (LC50) values of the pmp operon is 0.42 and 0.48 ml in two replicates. c Toxicity of PMP1 and inactive PMP1 E209Q mutant to larvae by injection in a dose–mortality plot. d Aedes 3rd instar larvae (n = 15) show reduced movement after injection with PMP1, but not when injected with water or inactive PMP1 E209Q mutant (t test, p value ≤0.05). Median in bold, box edges are 25th and 75th percentiles and vertical lines are min and max values. e Adult mosquitoes and flies (percent) stopped flying after 24 h of injection with PMP1. f Pre-incubation with 1,10-phenanthroline decreases PMP1 toxicity by injection (t test, p value ≤0.05). Error bars represent ± s.d. of three replicates. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
