Fig. 5

IL-33 signaling is dysregulated during human CDI and targetable with FMT or HSP therapy. a–c Immunohistochemistry staining of IL-33 from colon tissue biopsies of six CDI− patients and six CDI+ patients. a Representative image from a CDI− patient biopsy. b Representative image from a CDI+ patient biopsy. c Quantification of IL-33-positive cells per field view taken as an average of five blinded images from each patient biopsy and quantified on Image-J. d–f Analysis of systemic sST2 (IL-33 decoy receptor) in the serum of CDI patients by ELISA. d Patients were stratified based on their WBC into severe vs. non-severe CDI, and sST2 was assessed between the two groups. e Spearman correlation between WBC and sST2 concentration. f Survival curves of CDI+ patients stratified into high (sST2 > 55,000 pg/ml) or low sST2 (sST2 < 55,000 pg/ml). g–i Mice treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail (ABX) were orally gavaged with a (g) murine FMT 2x or a (i) purified human spore preparation (HSP) isolated from a normal human donor and IL-33 protein within the cecal tissue was measured by ELISA. h Microbiota diversity in cecal contents of untreated donors and antibiotic-treated FMT recipients (Simpson index y axis). c, d Comparison made by Mann–Whitney test (c, n = 6, d, n = 109, 53). e Comparison made by Spearman correlation. f Comparison made by log rank test (e, f, n = 160). g–i Comparison made by ANOVA for multiple comparisons (g, n = 17,16, 8, 10; h, n = 12,10,10; i, n = 5). g–h Data representative of two independent experiments. Statistical significance is demarked as *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Scale bar is 50 μm. Error bar indicates SEM