Fig. 5

pRLN therapy remodels immune microenvironment in the metastatic lesion. a Relative mRNA expression of chemokines and cytokines in the liver of male mice bearing CT26-FL3 liver metastasis receiving PBS or pRLN therapy on day 14 (4 days after the last injection) (n = 6). b CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, CD8⁺/CD4⁺ ratio, activated DCs, M1/M2 ratio, Treg cells, and MDSC in the liver of male mice bearing CT26-FL3 liver metastasis receiving various treatments on day 14, analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 3). c CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T-cell depletion scheme for pRLN + pPD-L1 trap group and the metastatic growth curve (n = 5). Significant differences were assessed in (a, b) using t test, in (c) using two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Results are presented as mean (SD). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n.s., not significant