Fig. 2

Atomic structural characterization of the two interfaces in the LAO//STO/LAO heterostructure. a, b show the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) mappings of the top and bottom interfaces, respectively. From left to right: schematic structures, high-angle annular dark-field image, Al K, La L, Ti K, and Sr K EDS integrated signal maps, and the combined elemental maps of all cations