Fig. 5
From: The role of energy storage in deep decarbonization of electricity production

Annual renewable curtailment and CO2-emissions reductions in California assuming 20-GW and 40-GW wind- and solar-penetration levels, respectively, $200 per ton CO2-emissions tax, and base case 7.0-GW minimum-dispatchability requirement. Renewable curtailment reported as a percentage of potential renewable production and CO2-emissions reductions are reported relative to a no-renewables case. Storage cases show results for a the technology that achieves the lowest curtailment and b highest emissions reductions in each year. Source data are provided as a Source Data file