Table 4 Technical characteristics of energy storage technologies

Technology	Round-trip efficiency	Service life (years)	Installation Cost
			Energy	Power
			Component ($ per kWh)	Component ($ per kW)
PHS^{11,12,13,37,50}	0.85	60	5	441
ACAES^11,12,13,37	0.95	60	40	700
DCAES^11,12,13,37	^a	60	2	400
PbA^{10,12,13,37,50}	0.90	15	200	222
VRB^12,13,37,50	0.95	15	150	398
Li-ion^{12,37,48,51,52}	0.90	15	320	620
NaS^{11,12,13,37,48,50,52}	0.90	15	180	250
PSB^13,50	0.85	15	120	330
ZNBR^11,13,50	0.75	10	150	178

^aThe efficiency of DCAES is modeled differently than those of other technologies. Each MWh of stored electricity can produce 1.39 MWh of electricity when discharged with 4.20 MMBTU of natural gas being consumed in the process^13,53

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