Fig. 5

Use of rEV in various applications. a Calculation of efficiencies of EV separation methods from plasma by measuring spiked rEV (5 × 10¹⁰) with fNTA and b an ELISA for p24, a subunit of the gag polyprotein (n = 3). c Comparison of calculated EV separation efficiencies for plasma by fNTA, making use of rEV or rEV-PEG (n = 3). d Western blot analysis for EGFP and syntenin-1 of immune precipitated rEV-PEG and sample EV after separation from plasma by SEC or ODG centrifugation, making use of anti-PEG or non-specific goat IgG coated magnetic beads (IP: immune precipitated, FT: flow through) (image representative of two biological replicates). e Log of the number of sample EV measured by NTA before and after normalization by rEV quantification with fNTA to reduce inter-user variability (graph representative of two biological replicates). f EV/mL plasma from healthy volunteers (n = 11) and breast cancer patients (n = 26) after separation by ODG centrifugation and normalization by rEV quantification with fNTA and an ELISA for p24. ***P < 0.001 (Mann–Whitney test). g Schematic overview of various rEV applications. All data depicted in a, b, c, e, f are (mean, SD). Source data are provided as a source data file and supplementary tables 1 and 2