Fig. 2
Characterization of geometrical and environmental parameters. a Modeling the generation of engineered liquid foam. b Generation of defect-free (left) and defective (right) patterns with respect to the d value (hp = 25 µm). c Quantification of defect generation over the entire space of micropost array with varying rp values (d = 130 or 200 µm and hp = 25 µm). The inset graph shows a superposed relationship when ∆r is nondimensionalized. Error bars represent the standard deviation over the entire patterning area. d Undesired drainage toward center of the frame when d is increased to 400 µm (left). Schematic (right and top) and graph (right and bottom graph) show the results caused by collapse of the membrane. The conceptual illustration is the cross-section A–A′ in the side view of the device. In the graph, the normalized fluorescence intensity (NFI) of the FITC solution in the device whose d = 100 µm (black) and 400 µm (blue) is measured from the edge (set as origin) of the frame. The scale bar is 900 µm. e Asymmetric expansion of the interfaces when hp is decreased to 10 µm (left), and the conceptual illustration depicting the side view of the cross-section B–B′ (right). The scale bar is 150 µm. f Expansion of the penetrated interfaces when hp becomes larger than the diameter of the holes (left), and conceptual illustration depicting a side view of the cross-section C–C′ (right). The scale bar is 200 µm. g Quantification of liquid films under different humidity conditions. We counted number of ruptured liquid films out of the initial liquid films. Error bars represent the standard deviation over the entire patterning area. The inset graph shows a clearer view of the result when RH = 50%. Overall experimental parameters are summarized in Supplementary Table 1
