Fig. 2

Sound performance from liquid polarity-interactive ferroelectric actuation. a Schematics of architecture and sound pressure level (SPL) detection system of the planar-type liquid-interactive ferroelectric sound (LIFS) alternating current (AC) device. SPL values arising from LIFS of a liquid were obtained as a function of applied AC input signal. b SPL values of six liquids examined with different dielectric constants on an LIFS AC device. The SPL values are proportional to the dielectric constants of the liquids. The device was operated at an AC frequency and voltage of 20 kHz and 100 V, respectively. c SPL values of 18 liquids examined with different dielectric constants, and the sensitivity of an LIFS AC device obtained from a linear slope of the curve. The device was operated at an AC frequency and voltage of 20 kHz and 100 V, respectively. d SPL values of five liquids examined with different ionic conductivities controlled by the amount of LiCl in water on an LIFS AC device. SPL values increased with the ionic conductivities of the liquids. The device was operated at an AC frequency and voltage of 20 kHz and 100 V, respectively. e SPL values of five liquids with different polarities on an LIFS AC device as a function of AC frequency at the AC voltage of 100 V