Fig. 1

Electron microscopic characterization of the NiFeOx/B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4 photoanodes. a Top-view (inset is the magnified image) SEM images of the NiFeOx/B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4 photoanode. b HADDF-STEM image of the NiFeOx/B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4 photoanode and c–f the corresponding STEM-EDS elemental mapping images for Bi, C, O, and Fe, respectively. g Overlay of the elemental mapping images of Fe, C, and Bi. h TEM, i HRTEM image of the NiFeOx/B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4 photoanode and j–l corresponding diffraction patterns via fast Fourier transform of NiFeOx, B-C3N4, and Mo-BiVO4, respectively