Fig. 2

Photoelectrochemical and photo-voltage characterization of the BiVO4-based photoanodes. a LSV curves of pure-BiVO4, 0.05% Mo-BiVO4, 0.1% Mo-BiVO4, and 0.5% Mo-BiVO4 recorded at a scan rate of 25 mV s−1 under AM 1.5 G one-sun irradiation in PPB solution with 0.5 M Na2SO3 as a hole scavenger (pH 7). b Band structures and band bending schematics of pure-BiVO4, 0.05% Mo-BiVO4, 0.1% Mo-BiVO4, and 0.5% Mo-BiVO4, constructed from the XPS, UPS and photoelectrochemical measurement data