Fig. 3

Photoelectrochemical performances and charge transfer processes. a LSV curves of C3N4/Mo-BiVO4, 0.1% Mo-BiVO4 and B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4 measured at a scan rate of 25 mV s−1 under AM 1.5 G irradiation in PPB solution with Na2SO3 as a hole scavenger (pH 7). b Separation efficiency (ΦSep) of C3N4/Mo-BiVO4, 0.1% Mo-BiVO4 and B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4. XPS core-level shifts of c V 2p, O 1 s and d N 1 s. Schematic diagrams of the band structures of e C3N4/Mo-BiVO4, f B-C3N4/Mo-BiVO4