Fig. 1

XRD patterns, FTIR spectra, Raman spectra, SEM, and TEM images. a The XRD patterns of NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH scraped from Ni foam. b FTIR spectra of the electrocatalysts in vacuum condition. c Raman spectra of NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH with 532 nm excitation under ambient air. d and g, e and h, f and i are the SEM and TEM images of NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH, respectively. The upper right insets of g, h, and i are the HRTEM images of NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH with scale bars of 1 nm, respectively, and the bottom right insets of g, h, and i are the corresponding SAED patterns