Fig. 4

HER polarization curves, Tafel plots, and long-term stability. a HER polarization curves, b the overpotentials at 10, 50, and 100 mA cm−2, and c the corresponding Tafel plots of the as-obtained NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, NiVIr-LDH, Ni foam, and Pt/C. d The chronopotentiometric curves of NiVRu-LDH for the HER test at 50 and 200 mA cm−2. Inset: polarization curves of NiVRu-LDH for the durability test after 2000 CV cycles