Fig. 7

DFT calculations. a The atomic model of NiVRu-LDH and the proposed HER pathway. b The free energy diagram of HER on the NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH catalysts. c The atomic model of NiVIr-LDH and the proposed OER pathway. d The free energy diagram of OER on the NiV-LDH, NiVRu-LDH, and NiVIr-LDH catalysts