Fig. 2

Demographic history of ginkgo populations. a Demographic history of four ginkgo lineages including the populations in eastern China (EAST), southern China (SOUTH), northern China (NORTH), and southwestern China (SWEST) inferred by PSMC. The mass accumulation rate (MAR) of Chinese loess is shown in black line. b Schematic of demographic scenarios modeled using fastsimcoal2, with the ancestral population shown in brown. Column width represents the relative effective population size, with the NORTH lineage inferred as a mixture of 71.55% of the SOUTH lineage and 28.45% of the SWEST lineage. The numbers on the vertical axis indicate the estimated time of population divergence