Fig. 4

Particle-phase composition and volatility. a Modeled average contribution (all new particle formation (NPF) events) of 17 volatility bins lumped to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), low volatility organic compounds (LVOC), and extremely low volatility organic compounds (ELVOC) to dry particle mass increase as a function of particle size with mass-weighted mean molecular formulae for compounds with <11 carbon atoms (“monomers”, M) and >10 carbon atoms (“dimers”, D). b Volume fraction remaining (VFR) of particles with diameter 30 nm measured by a thermodenuder (TD) for all NPF events (circles). The different colors represent different NPF days. Shaded area: modeled VFR curve using the particle volatility distribution as given by the output of the Model for Acid–Base Chemistry in Nanoparticle Growth (MABNAG), all NPF events