Fig. 5

Perovskite–perovskite monolithic tandem cells with Cd2+ ions in NBG perovskites. a, b Illustration and cross-sectional SEM image of a perovskite–perovskite tandem solar cell. c J–V characteristics of tandem solar cell and individual WBG and NBG single junction PSCs. d Steady-state output of tandem solar cells at the maximum power point (applied bias of 1.60 V) under AM1.5 illumination at 25 °C. e Individual EQE spectra of WBG and NBG sub-cells in the tandem solar cells. f Long-term photo stability test of the tandem solar cells under continuous AM1.5 illumination. η and η0 represent the evaluated and initial PCEs, respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file