Fig. 5
From: Genome-wide association mapping of date palm fruit traits
GWAS mapping of sugar composition in date palm fruit and functional characterization of candidate genes. a Top: Manhattan plot GWAS results for tamar stage fruit sugar composition measured as [sucrose]/[sucrose + glucose + fructose]. The plot is based on analysis conducted with the randomly downsampled SNP call set. Middle: Manhattan plot of the region on LG 14 containing significant associations based on analysis of all SNPs on this linkage group. Dotted lines represent the Bonferroni significance threshold. Gray vertical lines represent boundaries of the regions highlighted below. Bottom: Close-up of two highlighted regions with invertase genes in the vicinity of the GWAS peak. From top to bottom, gene models, normalized coverage depth in 500 bp windows for a sucrose-type variety (Soukar Iraqi), a reducing sugar-type variety (Khalas), and a heatmap of normalized coverage depth (low coverage is dark blue to high coverage light blue; zero coverage = gray) of the ten most extreme sugar composition phenotypes at each end of the sucrose-type and reducing-type distributions (see Supplementary Figs. 12 and 13 for all samples). Numbers in parenthesis next to variety names are the sucrose to total sugar rank among the 125 varieties with sugar measurements, where (1) is highest sucrose. b Expression of three candidate invertase genes in developing fruit at different stages post pollination (mean ± s.e.m.) in the Khenezi variety. c–e Differential gene expression of khalal stage fruit between four sucrose-type and four reducing-type varieties at three candidate invertase genes (mean ± s.e.m.). f Invertase enzyme activity in khalal stage fruit in two reducing-type and two sucrose-type varieties (mean ± s.d.). Source data are provided as a Source Data file
