Fig. 6 | Nature Communications

Fig. 6

From: Stepwise shifts underlie evolutionary trends in morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column

Fig. 6

Comparative morphology of vertebral columns. a A ‘pelycosaur’, b a non-mammalian cynodont, and c a Boreoeutherian, illustrated using Principal Coordinates analysis. The vertebral columns of basal synapsids are relatively uniform (low range and polarization) but highly irregular. Through synapsid evolution, range and polarization increase, while columns become much smoother and more organized into clusters

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