Fig. 4
From: HPV infection and the genital cytokine milieu in women at high risk of HIV acquisition
Association between prevalent HPV infection and genital cytokines. Plots depict the mean differences in genital cytokine concentrations between women with detectable HPV DNA and those without (N = 740; Fig. 4a), and specifically in women infected with any of the nine preventable HPV vaccine types compared to women with no evidence of genital HPV DNA (N = 472; Fig. 4b). Individual associations are shown between HPV status and pro-inflammatory cytokines (red), chemokines (blue), growth/hematopoietic factors (green), adaptive response cytokines (purple), and regulatory cytokines (orange), with error bars depicting 95% confidence intervals. The models test the hypothesis that the mean cytokine levels in comparator groups are equal i.e. β = 0. The dotted line at β = 0 distinguishes higher (to the right of the line) from lower (to the left of the line) mean cytokine differences in the respective categories relative to the HPV negative group. Gray shadings represent genital cytokines previously associated with HIV risk in this cohort: IP-10, IL-8, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β. Filled shapes represent significant associations after false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment using a threshold of 0.05 in multivariable models controlling for baseline treatment group, age, age of sexual debut, number of sexual partners number of sex acts (past 30 days), presence of STI symptoms, HSV-2 status, condom use, marital status, and whether women were living with regular partners
