Fig. 9

Transcriptome-wide signatures of germline stem cell development. a Focused analysis (UMAP clustering and pseudotime ordering) of combined (left), Pramef12^Het (middle), and Pramef12^Null (right) germ cells documented four biological subtypes following the order of SPG1 to SPG4 (state 1 to state 4). b Gene expression patterns of selected marker genes corresponding to each cellular state on the UMAP plots. c Summary schematic depicting the percentage of spermatogonia in each cellular state in Pramef12^Null and Pramef12^Het testes. Pramef12 deficiency significantly impairs germline stem cell development as determined by the decreased percentage of differentiated cells in SPG3 and SPG4. d Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Pramef12^Null and Pramef12^Het cells in SPG2, SPG3, and SPG4. Log₂FC, log₂-fold change. Null and Het indicate the percentage of cells in which the gene was detected in Pramef12^Null and Pramef12^Het samples, respectively. e UMAP plots of the expression patterns of selected DEGs in SPG2 subtype in Pramef12^Null and Pramef12^Het samples