Fig. 1

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of graphitic carbon particles. Particles were identified in high-temperature fluids (Biovent, 335 °C, a, b), hydrothermal plumes (within 1 m of the vent orifice, Biovent, 15 °C, c–f, P Vent, 15 °C, g–h), and diffuse flow (Q Vent, 35 °C, i). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra j taken from marked areas on particles show a common composition of carbon with trace oxygen and silicon, which likely represent background from the TEM grid and detector (Supplementary Information Fig. 1). No EDS spectrum was acquired from the particle in f