Fig. 4: Gene-level associations for income and links to transcription in the brain and cortical cell types.

a A Manhattan plot of income using the gene-based statistics derived using MAGMA; –log₁₀-transformed P values for each gene are plotted against chromosomal location. The red line indicates genome-wide significance. b The results of a gene-property analysis linking transcription differences in the brain with income differences. Significant links between expression differences in cerebellar hemisphere, at Brodmann area 9 (BA9) of the frontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens and at Brodmann area 24 of the anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) are illustrated. Dark blue indicates low –log₁₀ P values (a lower level of association) describing the link between gene expression and household income and light blue indicates high –log₁₀ P values (a higher level of association) describing the same relationship. The full results are found in Supplementary Data 8 with the gene-based statistics produced using MAGMA. c shows the results of a cell-type-specific gene-property analysis where the relationship between the gene-based statistics from MAGMA and the degree to which gene expression was specific to the annotations was examined. A Bonferroni correction was applied to control for the 24 tests conducted. The red line indicates statistical significance indicating that expression that is specific to the annotation is associated with the gene-based statistics for income. Embr. DA Neurons, Embryonic Dopaminergic Neurons; Pyramidal (SS), Pyramidal (Somatosensory); Hypoth. GABAergic Neurons, Hypothalamic GABAergic Neurons; DA Neuroblast, Dopaminergic Neuroblast.