Fig. 1: Idealizations of xylem anatomy vs. networks derived from X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT).

a Current working model of xylem simplifies the xylem to parallel files of conduits of equal length, allowing it to be subdivided into units of one lumen and one end-wall resistance. Successive lumina are connected serially, with no connections across vessel files. b Four vessels (blue) segmented from a 3D stack of μCT images (at base). c Idealization of the same four vessels in the present model: each lumen is represented as circular in cross-section, with radius deduced from the data; connections (red) are placed at the centre of intervals where images show vessels to be connected.