Fig. 3: Baseline scenario.

a Observed flow rates (µg s⁻¹, colour scale) averaged in 5-by-5 pixel window. b Model predicted flow rates (µg s⁻¹, colour scale) with single pressure value set at top of domain, downsampled to 78 µm resolution and averaged over 5-by-5 pixel window. c Residuals between model and observed (µg s⁻¹, colour scale).