Fig. 1: Directed acyclic graph of instrumental variable assumptions made in univariable Mendelian randomization.
\(G\) = genetic variant(s), \(X\) = risk factor, \(Y\) = outcome, \(U\) = confounders, \(\theta\) = causal effect of interest.
Fig. 1: Directed acyclic graph of instrumental variable assumptions made in univariable Mendelian randomization. | Nature Communications
