Table 1 Summary of the randomness tests of binary sequences generated from edible PUFs.

NIST statistical test^a	p-value	Proportion	Result^b
Frequency	0.035174	60/60	Pass
Block frequency	0.031497	60/60	Pass
Cumulative sums	0.006990, 0.020085	60/60, 60/60	Pass
Runs	0.014216	59/60	Pass
Longest run of ones	0.324180	60/60	Pass
Approximate entropy	0.275709	60/60	Pass
Serial	0.232760, 0.468595	59/60, 60/60	Pass

^aNIST tests are performed using 60 sequences of 128 bits each such that 7680 bits (i.e., digitized keys) collected from 30 different PUFs are tested. The chi-squared (χ²) distribution is used to compare the goodness-of-fit of the p-value distribution of the blocks from the entire bitstream to the expected distribution. The bitstream is considered to be random only if the p-value ≥ 0.0001
^bIf the pass rate exceeds the minimum rate (>56/60) for each test, it is considered as a pass (Supplementary Dataset 1)

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