Fig. 1: Electrochemical characterizations of Li–CO2 cell by using an aprotic electrolyte.

a Plot of CO2 gas consumption during the galvanostatic discharge (200 μA). The Li–CO2 cell contains 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME electrolyte. The red dots indicate the ideal electron-to-CO2 ratio of 1.33. b C1s XPS result of the carbon cathode after 1-mAh discharge. c Galvanostatic charge plot and the corresponding DEMS results of the Li–CO2 cell containing 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME electrolyte. The green dots correspond to the theoretical amount of CO2 evolution. d Polarization and power-density curves of 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME with a scan rate of 0.01 mA s−1.