Fig. 6: Electrochemical performance of Li–CO2 cell by using molten salt and Ru nanoparticle.

a Galvanostatic discharge–charge profiles of the Li–CO2 battery with quinary-molten salt electrolyte with a Ru nanoparticle cathode at different current densities from 1.0 to 20.0 A g−1 at 150 °C. Cycling performance of the Li–CO2 battery at current rates of 2.0 A g−1 (b), 5.0 A g−1 (c), and 10.0 A g−1 (d). e Polarization and power-density curves of quinary-molten salt electrolyte with the Ru nanoparticle cathode with a scan rate of 0.01 mA s−1. f Plots of peak power density of 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME (gray); quinary-molten salt at 100, 110, 130, and 150 °C (blue); quinary-molten salt electrolyte with a Ru nanoparticle cathode at 150 °C (orange).