Fig. 3: Causal associations between candidate exposures and hypothesised outcome. | Nature Communications

Fig. 3: Causal associations between candidate exposures and hypothesised outcome.

From: Exploiting horizontal pleiotropy to search for causal pathways within a Mendelian randomization framework

Fig. 3

Each candidate trait related to an outlier from an analysis is represented by a point in these plots. Along the x-axis, different phenotype groups are shown in different colours. The y-axis presents log transformed P value for each trait, multipled by the sign of the causal effect estimate on the outcome. Filled circles in each category indicate the evidence of association between candidate traits and exposure or outcome (using an FDR < 0.05 threshold; see Methods for discussion of this). a Empirical analysis 1: systolic blood pressure (mmHg) and coronary heart disease (log odds). b Empirical analysis 2: urate (mg/dl) and coronary heart disease (log odds). c Empirical analysis 3: sleep duration (hour/night) and schizophrenia (log odds). d Empirical analysis 4: years of schooling (years) and body mass index (kg/m2).

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