Fig. 1: TDN-programmed BEH interface for biosensor development.

a Schematic representation of the BEH strategy for enhanced the enzyme cascade reaction at the gold electrode interface. b The TDN scaffolds programmably regulate the inter-enzyme distance in BEH. c Substrate channeling in BEH that support efficient cascade among the enzyme pair (E1/E2) that are positioned with TDN scaffolds. d Working principle for BEH-based electrochemical biosensor device. The small molecule is oxidized by E1, producing an intermediate that diffuses to E2. As a result, electrocatalytic currents are observed at the electrode when potential is poised. e The radial density (molecule number in the area of 1 nm²) distribution of intermediate, as calculated from a random walk simulation. Inset: scatter chart of the distribution of intermediate. f Statistical results of the inter-enzyme distance of BEH, and corresponding AFM image of the enzymes at the interface. Scale bar: 50 nm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.