Fig. 2: Annual average temperature changes from recent (1992–2015) land cover transitions in Europe.

Annual average temperature changes (°C) due to differences in land cover between 1992 and 2015 (a); annual average temperature changes excluding contributions from agriculture abandonment (b); probability density function of the annual average temperature changes across the entire domain (c). In c, the solid line shows the distribution of the values and the dashed vertical line indicates the respective mean value. LC1992 and LC2015 refer to regional climate simulations with the European land cover in 1992 or 2015, respectively. NoCRP_AB refers to a land cover dataset where agricultural land in 1992 is not allowed to convert to other land classes.