Fig. 3: Spatial distribution of Philippine cities, with their current levels of heat hazard, exposure, and vulnerability (c. 2015).

Here, the vulnerability map represents the average of the 12 vulnerability assessments (see Methods). For hazard (a), the factor considered was heat—remotely sensed land surface temperature was used as an indicator. For exposure (b), the factor considered was exposed human population—population density was used as an indicator. For vulnerability (c), age structure and socioeconomic status were considered as factors for sensitivity, whereas natural resource and socioeconomic resource were considered as factors for capacity—proportion of young population, proportion of old population, and poverty incidence were used as indicators for sensitivity, wehereas availability of green space, city net income, and per capita net income were used as indicators for capacity. For details, see Supplementary Table 1.