Table 1 Region‐specific and disease‐specific changes in the deaths and corresponding age‐standardized death rate attributable to PM2.5 pollution.

From: Stronger policy required to substantially reduce deaths from PM2.5 pollution in China

Deaths (thousand)

Age‐standardized death rate (deaths per 100,000 people)

 

Net change between 2000 and 2017

Average annual rate of change (%)

Net change between 2000 and 2017

Average annual rate of change (%)

 

2000–2017

2000–2013

2013–2017

2000–2017

2000–2013

2013–2017

China

258 (177–334)

1.8 (1.8–1.9)

2.1 (1.9–2.4)

1.0** (0.3**–1.4**)

−19 (−25–−12)

−1.5 (−1.5–−1.4)

−1.1 (−1.3–−0.8)

−2.7** (−3.4** – −2.2**)

North

70 (49–90)

1.8 (1.8–1.8)

2.0 (1.9–2.3)

1.0 (0.2–1.5)

−23 (−29–−15)

−1.6 (−1.6–−1.6)

−1.2 (−1.3–−0.9)

−2.9 (−3.7–−2.4)

Southeast

57 (39–74)

2.2 (2.1–2.4)

2.4 (2.1–2.9)

1.6* (1.0*–2.0*)

−13 (−19–−7)

−1.2 (−1.3–−1.0)

−0.8 (−1.0–−0.3)

−2.5* (−3.2** – −2.1*)

Central

52 (36–66)

1.9 (1.9–2)

2.0 (1.9–2.4)

1.5 (1.0–1.8)

−17 (−24–−10)

−1.4 (−1.4–−1.3)

−1.1 (−1.3–−0.8)

−2.1 (−2.6–−1.8)

Southwest

40 (25–55)

1.6 (1.6–1.6)

2.1 (2–2.4)

−0.1* (−1.1*–0.6**)

−20 (−26–−13)

−1.8 (−1.8–−1.7)

−1.2 (−1.3–−0.9)

−3.6** (−4.7–−2.9*)

Northeast

26 (20–30)

2.2 (1.9–2.9)

2.5 (2.1–3.4)

1.3** (1.2**–1.4*)

−3 (−9 − 2)

−0.3 (−0.6 − 0.3)

0.0 (−0.5–0.8)

−1.2** (−1.3** – −1.1**)

Northwest

13 (7–19)

1.1 (1–1.2)

1.4 (1.4–1.5)

0.1 (−0.6–0.6)

−28 (−34–−20)

−2.1 (−2.3–−2.0)

−1.9 (−1.9–−1.8)

−2.9 (−3.7–−2.4)

IHD

145 (101–188)

5.0 (4.9–5.1)

6.1 (5.9–6.4)

1.3** (0.8**–1.7**)

7 (5 − 8)

2.5 (2.5 − 2.6)

3.9 (3.7 − 4.2)

−1.7 (−2.3–−1.4**)

LC

81 (61–100)

5.1 (5–5.2)

6.2 (5.9–6.5)

1.7** (1.1**–2.1**)

2 (1 − 2)

1.6 (1.6 − 1.8)

2.7 (2.5 − 3.1)

−1.8** (−2.4** – −1.4**)

Stroke

61 (32–90)

2.0 (1.9–2.2)

2.2 (2–2.8)

1.1** (0.2**–1.6**)

−2 (−4–−1)

−0.8 (−0.9–−0.6)

−0.4 (−0.7 − 0.2)

−2.0** (−3.0* – −1.5**)

DM2

18 (14–21)

5.2 (5.2–5.3)

5.3 (5.2–5.4)

4.9 (4.7–5)

0 (0 − 0)

1.5 (1.5 − 1.6)

1.6 (1.6 − 1.8)

1.0 (0.8 − 1.2)

LRI

−22 (−27–−17)

−2.0 (−2.1–−1.9)

−2.2 (−2.4–−1.9)

−1.6 (−2.1–−1.3)

−6 (−7–−5)

−5.4 (−5.5–−5.3)

−5.0 (−5.2–−4.7)

−7.0** (−7.4** – −6.7**)

COPD

−26 (−38–−13)

−0.5 (−0.6–−0.4)

−0.8 (−1–−0.4)

0.3 (−0.4–0.8)

−19 (−25–−12)

−4.3 (−4.4–−4.2)

−4.5 (−4.7–−4.1)

−3.9 (−4.5–−3.4)

  1. IHD, COPD, LC, LRI, and DM2 refer to ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, lower respiratory infection, and diabetes mellitus type 2, respectively. Data in the parentheses refer to the 90% confidence intervals.
  2. Asterisks (*) and (**) mean the trend in annual change rate shifted significantly in the year of 2013 at the significance level of 0.1 and 0.05 based on the sequential Mann‐Kendall test.