Fig. 5: Renewability test and filtration performance comparison of ILP@MF masks and commercial face masks.

a Removal efficiency of the charged [C4mim][OAc]–PVP@MF filter regerated for 1–10 times. The inset images are photo of the filter before and after regeration. b The photographs of wearable and self-powered face mask made from [C4mim][OAc]–PVP@MF filter. The button lithium cell and the silicon-based solar panel are replaceable to each other. c Comprehensive index comparison including removal efficiency, pressure drop, and quality factor between masks made of [C4mim][OAc]–PVP@MF filter (black lines and pillars) and commercial-PP filter (red lines and pillars) under different flow rate. Error bar represents the standard deviation of three replicate measurements. d Long-term PM removal performance. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.