Fig. 1: Schematic illustrations and SEM images of NADE.

a NADE fabrication process and schematic illustration of the three-phase electrocatalytic system. b SEM images and contact angle of modified carbon felt (inset). c SEM images of the modified carbon felt substrate coated with carbon black. d Schematic diagram of NADE electrocatalytic reactor; SEM images of catalytic layers with e PTFE/CB = 0.1, f PTFE/CB = 0.6, and g PTFE/CB = 1.5.