Fig. 4: Glycolysis facilitates folding of oxidized periplasmic proteins.

a Alkaline phosphatase in Salmonella treated for 30 min with either 400 μM H₂O₂ or 20 μM CCCP. Mean ± SD; N = 6. b, c C57BL/6 (B6) and nox2^−/− mice were infected with 500 CFU each of the indicated Salmonella strains, and the competitive index determined 3 days later. b N = 5, c N = 8. d–f Western blots of AMS-derivatized DsbA-3xFLAG proteins in WT, ΔgpmA or DsbA^TrxA Salmonella grown aerobically in MOPS-glucose media. Where indicated, the bacteria were treated for 5 min with 10 mM DTT, 1 mM H₂O₂ or CCCP. The percentage of reduced DsbA is the mean from three independent experiments as calculated by densitometry. g Alkaline phosphatase was measured as described in a. Mean ± SEM; N = 4. h Aerobic growth of Salmonella in MOPS-glucose media in the presence or absence of 100 μM H₂O₂. Mean ± SD; N = 4. i Competitive index of the indicated strains in C57BL/6 and nox2^−/− mice 3 days after i.p. inoculation. N = 10. Data in a and h were analyzed by paired, one-tail t-test; data in b, c, i were analyzed by unpaired, one-tail t-test. Data in g were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, df = 11, F = 5.6. *, **, ***, ****p < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, respectively. All measurements were taken from distinct samples. Whiskers in box plots represent minimal to maxima; 25th and 75th percentiles and median are also represented. Source data are included in Source Data file.