Fig. 1: Induction of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway in cardiomyocytes.
From: Chronic activation of hexosamine biosynthesis in the heart triggers pathological cardiac remodeling
a Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) were treated with phenylephrine (PE, 50 μM) for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Representative immunoblots of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) enzymes (Gfat1, Gnpnat1, Pgm3, and GalE) are shown. Quantification (right) indicates significant upregulation of the HBP by PE treatment in cultured cardiomyocytes. N = 6 for GalE quantification and n = 9 for all other proteins. b PE treatment led to strong increases of the HBP enzymes at the mRNA level. N = 3–6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Significance was calculated by two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. ***p < 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
