Fig. 2: Study of hydration behavior, hydrogen permeation and proton migration energy.

a Comparison of hydration ability for PCO, PNC, LSCF, and PBSCF electrodes at 500 °C in wet air condition. b, c Proton migration pathway I along inter-octahedron direction and pathway II along intra-octahedron direction. d, e Minimum energy paths for proton migration along pathway I and II. f Hydrogen permeation fluxes of PNC dense membrane.