Fig. 2: Characterization of defects and functional groups in Pdδ+-OCNT and H-Pd-OCNT electrocatalysts.

Raman spectra a and FTIR spectra b of 6.5 h OCNT, Pdδ+-OCNT and H-Pd-OCNT. Peak assignments are listed in the Supplementary Figure 7c The distribution of carbon element in different coordination environments for 6.5 h OCNT, Pdδ+-OCNT and H-Pd-OCNT measured by C1s XPS.